The Human Animal Essay -- Sociology

Several things make humans different from animals. These include burying of the dead by humans out of respect, humans evolving to stop relying primarily on instinct, humans being aware of themselves, the feeling of wrong and right sense, as well as evil and moral, complex languages and methods of communication by humans, human use of the brain in exceedingly complex ways compared to animals, and human ability to advance technology. The premise of this paper is to delve into the consequences of these differences. The paper will study moral behaviour, human uniqueness, and consciousness or lack of consciousness. The first consequence of the difference between humans and animals is human uniqueness (Levinas, 2004 p48). Any attempt to answer the question of what humanness is should involve a study of the results of seeing people as lacking or having humanness. Consequences of this question include the dehumanization of groups that are despised and the excuse making to explain ones failings as being only human. This question reveals that there exist two direct consequences of humanness: human nature and human uniqueness (Jeeves, 2011 p32). Human nature refers to the attributes seen as typically, essentially, and fundamentally human. Human uniqueness, on the other hand, refers to those attributes that distinguish an animal from a human being. Differences that lead to human uniqueness are a large brain and an erect posture (Levinas, 2004 p49). Human is the only species of vertebrates that possess an erect posture and a gait that is bipedal. While birds are also bipedal, their backbone stands horizontally rather than vertically with the exception of the penguin. Despite kangaroos being bipedal, they do not possess an erect posture, a... ...uences are freely observable, and are what make a human be referred to as so. References Cavalieri, Paola. The Animal Debate: A Reexamination† in In Defense of Animals: The Second . London: Blackwell Publishers,, 2006. Descartes, Rene. From the Letters of 1646 and 1649† in Linda Kalof and Amy Fitzgerald Eds. . Oxford: Berg, 2007. Jeeves, Malcolm A. Rethinking human nature : a multidisciplinary approach. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Pub. Co, 2011. Johnson, Clarence Sholà ©. Cornel West and Philosophy. London: Routledge,, 2003. Kant, Immanuel. Duties Towards Animals and Spirits† in Lectures on Ethics, trans Louis . New York: The Century Co, 1963. Levinas, Emmanuel. The Name of a Dog, or Natural Rights† in Peter Atterton and Matthew. London: Continuum, 2004. Nitecki, Matthew H. Evolutionary ethics. New York: State Univ. of New York Press, 2003.

Mathematical in India Past, Present, Future

Mathematics in India Past, Present and Future What is mathematics? â€Å"mathematics is a science of space, numbers and quantity† Past: Indian mathematics emerged in the Indian subcontinent from 1200 BC until the end of the 18th century. In the classical period of Indian mathematics (400 AD to 1200 AD), important contributions were made by scholars like Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, and Bhaskara II. The decimal number system in use today was first recorded in Indian mathematics.Indian mathematicians made early contributions to the study of the concept of zero as a number, negative numbers, arithmaticm and algebra. In addition, trigonometry was further advanced in India, and, in particular, the modern definitions of sine and cosine were developed there. These mathematical concepts were transmitted to the Middle East, China, and Europe and led to further developments that now form the foundations of many areas of mathematics. Present: 20th century The 20th century saw mathematics beco me a mojor profession.Every year, thousands of new Ph. D. s in mathematics are awarded, and jobs are availablein teaching, research and industry. Mathematical collaborations of unprecedented size and scope took place in India. One of the more colorful figures in 20th – century mathematics was Srinivasa Aiyangar Ramanujan (1887-1920), an Indian autodidact who conjectured or proved over 3000 theorems, including properties of highly composite nimbers, the partition function and its asymptotic, and mock theta functions.He also made major investigations in the areas of gamma functions, modular forms, divergent series, hyper geometric series and prime number theory. 21st century In 1980, Shakuntala Devi gave the product of two, thirteen digit nimbers within 28 seconds; many countries have invited her to demonstrate her extraordinary talent. In Dallas she competed with a computer with a computer to see who give the cube root of 188138517 faster, she won. At university of USA she was asked to give the 23rd root, she answered in 50 seconds. The answer is 546372891.It took a UNIVAC 1108 computer, full one minute (10 seconds more) to confirm that she was right after it was fed with 13000 instructions. Now she is known to be Human computer. FUTURE: There are many observable trends in mathematics, the most notable being that the subject is growing ever larger, computers are ever more important and powerful, the application of mathematics to bioinformatics is rapidly expanding, the volume of data to be analyzed being produced by science and industry, facilitated by computers, is explosively expanding.The field of mathematics has become so large that it has become impossible to have an overview of all relevant mathematics. A formalized library should enable the search for relevant results. When designing new high-tech systems, like software for an automatic pilot super computer etc. , one uses complicated mathematical models. Indian mathematician, engineers and scient ist ar eone of the top leading in this trend. CONCLUSION: Mathematics is a science of all sciences and art of all arts. Without the proper foundation of mathematics, any science or subject will be a failure, Mathematics is a creation of human mind, concerned cheifly with the ideas, processes and reasoning the modern world of technology, tools such as computer requires the basic mathematics and calculations. Matehmatics is the instrument of education found to be in conformity with the human mind. If we sincerely give our time in the subject of mathematics, we can also come up with innovative ideas and thoughts that can shape the entire universe as our ancestors do in past. We look forward to what the future will bring.

The Dna Mismatch Repair System ( Mmr ) Essay - 1606 Words

Introduction In a dazzling display of choreography, proteins of the the DNA mismatch repair system (MMR) come together to fix replication errors, which results in an extraordinarily high degree of genomic fidelity.1-5 It is no wonder, then, that the MMR system has transcended almost all evolutionary stratification and is a highly conserved process across species. The MMR system is chiefly responsible for initiating cellular responses for several types of DNA lesions, including single-base mismatches and small insertion-deletion loops.1 Mounting evidence suggests that MMR may play a role in numerous other processes, including triggering the generation of immune diversity. How this actually happens, however, is still the topic of many investigations.19, 20 MutSÃŽ ±, one of the many components of human MMR, is known to affect all of the aforementioned processes. In instances where epigenetic silencing or mutations of genes that code for the proteins of MutSÃŽ ± occur, DNA mismatches are allowed to persist, which collectively increase the probability that microsatellite instabilities (a mutator phenotype) occur. Microsatellites are known to cause an increased tolerance to DNA methylation, hyperrecombination, and numerous other perturbations on DNA that can eventually lead to cancers and/or defective progeny.3, 11 Considering the importance of MMR to human health, a thorough understanding of the structure, function, and temporal relationships between the many components of MMR isShow MoreRelatedDr Lab Report778 Words   |  4 Pagesresistance to endogenous and exogenous environmental insults to the genetic material. Multiple DNA repair pathways coordinate the response to such genotoxins and protect our genome [1]. Endogenous insults may be generated as a byproduct of cellular metabolism in the form of reactive oxygen species or during physiological processes such as meiotic recombination, mating-type switching in yeasts, V(D)J recombination and DNA replication-transcription collision [2-5]. Exogenous stresses include hypoxia, radiationRead MoreWhat Are Molecular Markers?1613 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are molecular markers? †¢ DNA sequences that show polymorphisms (variations in size or sequence) in the population. They provide information about allelic variation at a given locus. Properties of molecular markers: 1. Polymorphic 2. Frequently distributed along the genome 3. Easily detected 4. Reproducible 5. Most are co-dominant but a few are dominant (RAPD) Common Molecular Markers: †¢ RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism †¢ AFLP: Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism †¢ RAPD:Read MoreMerrill Syndrome : Lynch Syndrome1358 Words   |  6 Pagesgenetic testing. Genetics According to Clancy (2014): During replication of DNA in dividing cells, errors occur in the genetic code. The primary function of the mismatch repair (MMR) system is to correct errors to maintain genomic stability. If there is a germline mutation, then the MMR system fails, leading to a pattern of genomic instability and an increased risk of cancer. Lynch syndrome is a failure of the MMR system, resulting in a gene mutation. An accumulation of genetic damage can leadRead MorePathological Correlation Report- Jack s Case3052 Words   |  13 Pagesfound on chromosome 5q and has the characteristic of the development of various adenomatous polyps in the colon and rectum (as seen in the histological images taken from biopsies from Jack’s colon) whilst the latter is due to a germline mutation in DNA mmr genes (Arnold et al., 2005).The APC gene is a tumour suppressor gene that codes for a protein important in the process of signal transduction and cell adhesion and a mutation in this gene is what gives rise to the early onset of FAP (P, 2013). TheRead MoreTraffic Management N Mumbai10672 Words   |  43 Pagessubway, etc, for the approval of the DCP (HQs) and the Jt.C.P, Traffic 3. Attending various meetings in MMRDA, MSRDC, MCGM and other organization in connection with major projects such as Mono rail, Metro Rail, Bandra-Worli Sea link, Bus Rapid Transit System etc. 4. Sending replies for various queries under Right to Information Act, Attending various court matters. 5. Planning and organizing various Road Safety Activities of education wing. 6. Assisting DCP (HQs) during the visit of various VVIP/VIPsRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesRESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, information storage and retrieval systems, or in any other manner—without the written permission of the publisher. Thomson Higher Education 10 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA For more information about our products, contact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563